Structures consisting of cables and membranes have been of interest to engineers due to their higher ratio of strength to weight and lower cost compared to other structures. One of the challenges in such structures is presence of Holes in membranes, which leads to non-uniform stress and strain distributions, even under uniform far-field deformations. One of the approaches suggested for controlling this non-uniformity is reinforcing the Hole edge using a cable, such that stretch changes near the Hole are minimized compared to that of the far field in the membrane. In this study, considering an optimization problem, it is illustrated that for different geometries and stretch ratios in a biaxial loading of the membrane, a suitable cable of varying stiffness can be chosen such that stretch non-uniformity in the membrane is minimum, thus presenting a state of a pseudo-Neutral Hole in the membrane. The presented form of parametric functionally graded cable and the optimization problem solved for a couple of Hole shapes show that the cable can induce a state of close to uniform stretch distribution for certain values of far field stretch ratios, it also proves effective for a range of such a ratio. Relative non-uniformity indices as low as 2 percent are achieved from optimization.

In this paper, the effect of surface curvature on calibration coefficients of the Hole-Drilling method has been studied. Firstly, an FE simulation of the drilling process has been modeled for a flat surface. Then, the simulation has been implemented on a cylinder with different diameters and the calibration coefficients have been extracted. In all analyses, the stain-gauge rosette and Hole diameter remain constant and mesh removal in the drilling simulation was achieved in eight increments. The comparison of simulation results and standard published calibration coefficients data for a flat surface show an acceptable error equal to 2.8 variation of errors between 0.6 to 6.2.

There are issues in organizations that require new theoretical formulation. Hence, metaphorical theorizing is used in the study of organizations to interpret them and understand their complexities. In this method, the organization is likened to an entity and one of the key features of that entity is generalized to the organization. It should be borne in mind that most organizational theories are based on a positivist paradigm that focuses on knowledge and data in an attempt to discover the nomothetic of social systems. This article is an attempt to build a theory based on interpretive paradigm that puts the organizational black Hole theory forward in a metaphorical way. The black Hole theory of the organization has been adopted from the cosmic black Hole metaphor. In the first step, the key features of the organizational black Hole were summarized in accordance with the researcher's interpretation, taking into account the one-on-one correspondence and adopting the cosmic black Hole characteristics. In the second step, the definition of the organizational black Hole was presented based on key features, and in the third step the overall framework of the theory was formulated. In addition, by analyzing the characteristics of the organizational black Hole theory, it was found that this theory falls under the interpretative paradigm. Finally, how one can test the theory in terms of falsifiability or utility is discussed.

The aim of this paper is to dissociate Metaphysics and Theology. In Metaphysics, I propose a Neutral Monist foundation of the Being of Reality, which is, therefore, not material or ideal, but a cosmic field of possibilities that generate both domains. God is conceived as one possibility embedded in the Being of Reality that may or may not become actual, depending on conditions established by the evolution of the Cosmos. As far as we know, the conditions for actualization of God are satisfied by human consciousness. The relation between the Being of Reality and its outcomes, as the realization of God in human society, is one of actualization of potentialities, as in Aristotelian philosophy. This approach leads to a Feuerbachian view of God as emergent in social conscious experience, achieving embodied expression in human social practices, from the legitimate symbolic message of prophets, in sacred texts, rituals, images, buildings and social institutions implemented by religious organizations.

Purpose: To compare the anatomical and functional results of deep vitrectomy with and without ILM peeling for full thickness macular Hole.Materials & Methods: 37 eyes of 37 patients with full thickness macular Hole (FTMH), confirmed by clinical examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT), enrolled in this clinical trial. Based on the stage of FTMH (stage 2, 3, 4) as described by Gass and the techniques of surgery (with or without ILM peeling) the patients were randomized into two different groups. All patients underwent preoperative Act and at least one OCT image was obtained during the postoperative follow up.After obtaining informed consent, deep vitrectomy and 20% SF6 injection was performed. The patients were unaware of their allocation status. Patients data & surgical outcome were collected and statistically analyzed. Anatomical success was defined as Hole closure at postoperative OCT and functional success was referred to any improvement in visual acuity. Macular Hole index (MHI) was defined as a ratio of the greatest height to the base diameter of the Hole on cross-sectional OCT images.Results: 37 eyes of 37 patients (15 men & 22 women) were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 56.4±21.94 years and FTMH were traumatic in 13 cases (35%) and Idiopathic in 24 (65%) cases. Twenty cases underwent deep vitrectomy with ILM peeling (ILM group) and the remaining cases underwent vitrectomy without ILM peeling (no ILM group).The mean preoperative 10gMAR visual acuity was 1.38±1 in the ILM group and 1.22±0.13 in the no ILM group, these improved to 0.95±1 and 0.77±0.31 postoperatively in the ILM and no ILM group, respectively (P=0.871). The overall anatomical success rate was 64%. The Hole was closed in 70% of ILM peeling and 47% in the no ILM group (Chi-square test, P=0.15). In anatomically successful cases the mean of postoperative VA was significantly improved (P=0.001).In traumatic subgroup, ILM peeling seems did not affect the anatomical (P=0.2) and visual Success rates (P=0.5). There was no significant differences in Hole closure rates between the traumatic and idiopathic FTMH (P=0.968). Visual acuity significantly improved after operation In MHI ³ 0.5 group compared with the MHk 0.5 group. The stage of the Hole did not affect the anatomical success rate (P=0.52) or visual acuity improvement (P=0.741). Macular Hole index ³ 0.5 had a prognostic value for postoperative visual acuity improvement. The Hole duration was not related to anatomical success rate but there is an inverse relation between duration of the symptoms and improvement in VA.Conclusion: Deep vitrectomy and SF6 injection was a safe & effective surgical technique for full thickness macular Hole and peeling of the ILM seems did not affect the anatomical or functional success rates. The Hole duration, stage and origin of the Hole (traumatic or idiopathic) does not related to the anatomical success or visual acuity improvement. MHI  ³ 0.5 seems to be a prognostic factor for postoperative visual improvement but not for closure rate.